P289 定理6.4.2

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## **定理 6.4.2**
设总体概率函数是 \( p(x; \theta) \),样本为 \( x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n \)
\( T = T(x_1, \dots, x_n) \) 是 \(\theta\) 的充分统计量。
若 \(\hat{\theta} = \hat{\theta}(x_1, \dots, x_n)\) 是 \(\theta\) 的任一无偏估计,
\[
\tilde{\theta} = E(\hat{\theta} \mid T),
\]
则:
1. \(\tilde{\theta}\) 也是 \(\theta\) 的无偏估计;
2. \(\mathrm{Var}(\tilde{\theta}) \le \mathrm{Var}(\hat{\theta})\),等号成立当且仅当 \(\hat{\theta} = \tilde{\theta}\) 几乎必然。
### 1. 证明 \(\tilde{\theta}\) 是统计量且无偏
由于 \(T\) 是充分统计量,条件分布不依赖于 \(\theta\),所以 \(\tilde{\theta} = E(\hat{\theta}|T)\) 与 \(\theta\) 无关,是一个统计量。
由重期望公式:
\[
E(\tilde{\theta}) = E[E(\hat{\theta}|T)] = E(\hat{\theta}) = \theta
\]
所以 \(\tilde{\theta}\) 是 \(\theta\) 的无偏估计。
### 2. 证明方差不等式
考虑方差分解:
\[
\begin{aligned}
Var(\hat{\theta}) &= E[(\hat{\theta} - \theta)^2] \\
&= E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta} + \tilde{\theta} - \theta)^2] \\
&= E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})^2] + E[(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)^2] + 2E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)]
\end{aligned}
\]
### 3. 证明交叉项为零
由重期望公式tower property, 随机变量的期望,等于它的条件期望的期望)
\[
E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)]
= E\{E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)|T]\} \\
\]
以及在条件期望 \(E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)|T]\) 中:
- \(\tilde{\theta} - \theta\) 是 \(T\) 的函数(因为 \(\tilde{\theta}\) 是 \(T\) 的函数)
- 在给定 \(T\) 的条件下,\(\tilde{\theta} - \theta\) 是一个确定的数值(不是随机变量)
因此:
\[
\begin{aligned}
E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)]
&= E\{E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)|T]\} \\
&= E\{(\tilde{\theta} - \theta) \cdot E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})|T]\}
\end{aligned}
\]
由于 \(\tilde{\theta} = E(\hat{\theta}|T)\),所以:
\[
E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})|T] = E(\hat{\theta}|T) - \tilde{\theta} = \tilde{\theta} - \tilde{\theta} = 0
\]
因此:
\[
E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)] = 0
\]
### 4. 最终结果
代入得:
\[
\begin{aligned}
Var(\hat{\theta}) &= E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})^2] + Var(\tilde{\theta}) \\
&\geq Var(\tilde{\theta})
\end{aligned}
\]
等号成立当且仅当 \(E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})^2] = 0\),即 \(\hat{\theta} = \tilde{\theta}\) 几乎必然。
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