P289 定理6.4.2
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P289 定理6.4.2.md
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P289 定理6.4.2.md
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## **定理 6.4.2**
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设总体概率函数是 \( p(x; \theta) \),样本为 \( x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n \),
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\( T = T(x_1, \dots, x_n) \) 是 \(\theta\) 的充分统计量。
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若 \(\hat{\theta} = \hat{\theta}(x_1, \dots, x_n)\) 是 \(\theta\) 的任一无偏估计,
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令
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\[
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\tilde{\theta} = E(\hat{\theta} \mid T),
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\]
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则:
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1. \(\tilde{\theta}\) 也是 \(\theta\) 的无偏估计;
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2. \(\mathrm{Var}(\tilde{\theta}) \le \mathrm{Var}(\hat{\theta})\),等号成立当且仅当 \(\hat{\theta} = \tilde{\theta}\) 几乎必然。
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### 1. 证明 \(\tilde{\theta}\) 是统计量且无偏
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由于 \(T\) 是充分统计量,条件分布不依赖于 \(\theta\),所以 \(\tilde{\theta} = E(\hat{\theta}|T)\) 与 \(\theta\) 无关,是一个统计量。
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由重期望公式:
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\[
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E(\tilde{\theta}) = E[E(\hat{\theta}|T)] = E(\hat{\theta}) = \theta
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\]
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所以 \(\tilde{\theta}\) 是 \(\theta\) 的无偏估计。
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### 2. 证明方差不等式
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考虑方差分解:
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\[
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\begin{aligned}
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Var(\hat{\theta}) &= E[(\hat{\theta} - \theta)^2] \\
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&= E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta} + \tilde{\theta} - \theta)^2] \\
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&= E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})^2] + E[(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)^2] + 2E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)]
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\end{aligned}
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\]
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### 3. 证明交叉项为零
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由重期望公式(tower property, 随机变量的期望,等于它的条件期望的期望)
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\[
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E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)]
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= E\{E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)|T]\} \\
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\]
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以及在条件期望 \(E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)|T]\) 中:
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- \(\tilde{\theta} - \theta\) 是 \(T\) 的函数(因为 \(\tilde{\theta}\) 是 \(T\) 的函数)
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- 在给定 \(T\) 的条件下,\(\tilde{\theta} - \theta\) 是一个确定的数值(不是随机变量)
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因此:
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\[
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\begin{aligned}
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E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)]
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&= E\{E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)|T]\} \\
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&= E\{(\tilde{\theta} - \theta) \cdot E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})|T]\}
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\end{aligned}
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\]
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由于 \(\tilde{\theta} = E(\hat{\theta}|T)\),所以:
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\[
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E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})|T] = E(\hat{\theta}|T) - \tilde{\theta} = \tilde{\theta} - \tilde{\theta} = 0
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\]
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因此:
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\[
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E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})(\tilde{\theta} - \theta)] = 0
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\]
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### 4. 最终结果
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代入得:
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\[
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\begin{aligned}
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Var(\hat{\theta}) &= E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})^2] + Var(\tilde{\theta}) \\
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&\geq Var(\tilde{\theta})
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\end{aligned}
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\]
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等号成立当且仅当 \(E[(\hat{\theta} - \tilde{\theta})^2] = 0\),即 \(\hat{\theta} = \tilde{\theta}\) 几乎必然。
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---
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